Point-of-care tests reduce antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections

- Kenny Lin, MD, MPH

In last week's blog post, Dr. Jennifer Middleton discussed the strengths and limitations of rapid strep testing for patients with acute sore throats. In patients with an intermediate pre-test probability of having streptococcal pharyngitis, a negative rapid strep test lowers the post-test probability enough to feel comfortable withholding antibiotics. Wouldn't it be nice if other point-of-care tests could effectively rule out bacterial infections and reduce antibiotic prescribing rates in patients with acute respiratory symptoms?

A FPIN Clinical Inquiry published in the July 1st issue of AFP evaluated the effects of a procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy algorithm on antibiotic use and clinical outcomes. A Cochrane review and meta-analysis of 14 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) comparing procalcitonin-guided to standard care in European adults with acute respiratory infections found that patients in the procalcitonin group received 3.47 fewer days of antibiotic therapy with no differences in 30-day mortality or treatment failure. In a single RCT of 337 children presenting to pediatric emergency departments in Switzerland, patients in the procalcitonin group were as likely as the standard care group to receive antibiotic prescriptions, but received nearly 2 fewer days of therapy.

A 2015 Cochrane for Clinicians examined the performance of point-of-care measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) on similar outcomes. Although treatment thresholds varied, most studies considered a CRP level of less than 20 mg per L to suggest a viral infection and no need for antibiotics. A Cochrane review of 6 RCTs conducted in primary care settings (mostly in adults) in Europe and Russia found that groups assigned to CRP-assisted evaluation were 22 percent less likely to receive antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory infections, with no differences in clinical improvement at day 7, complications, or mortality. However, Dr. Irbert Vega observed in the Practice Pointers that "the meta-analysis did not identify an optimal algorithm and therefore should be considered proof of concept until further research can be performed, including research in the U.S. population."

Upcoming editorials and features in AFP will discuss the effectiveness of other interventions aimed at reducing unnecessary antibiotic use for respiratory infections in primary care settings, including those evaluated in a recent systematic review from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.